congestion
noun- Meaning
- too much traffic in one place
- Uzbek
- tirbandlik
- Russian
- заторы, пробки
Example: Congestion charges cut city-centre traffic by a fifth in the first year.
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Vocabulary
Cities and transport
Urbanisation, congestion, public transport — Task 2, Speaking Part 3 and Listening Part 2.
Where it earns marks
Part of this list also turns up in the Listening map-labelling questions.
public transport
noun- Meaning
- buses, trains and other shared transport
- Uzbek
- jamoat transporti
- Russian
- общественный транспорт
Example: Reliable public transport does more for air quality than any single measure.
infrastructure
noun- Meaning
- the basic systems a place needs: roads, water, power
- Uzbek
- infratuzilma
- Russian
- инфраструктура
Example: New housing districts were built before the infrastructure was ready for them.
urban sprawl
noun- Meaning
- the uncontrolled spread of a city into the countryside
- Uzbek
- shaharning tartibsiz kengayishi
- Russian
- разрастание города
Example: Urban sprawl forces people into long commutes they did not choose.
pedestrian
noun- Meaning
- a person walking rather than driving
- Uzbek
- piyoda
- Russian
- пешеход
Example: Closing the street to cars made the area far safer for pedestrians.
commute
verb- Meaning
- to travel regularly between home and work
- Uzbek
- ishga qatnamoq
- Russian
- ездить на работу
Example: People who commute more than an hour report noticeably lower satisfaction.
affordable housing
noun- Meaning
- homes that ordinary people can pay for
- Uzbek
- arzon uy-joy
- Russian
- доступное жильё
Example: Without affordable housing, city centres are left to those who already own property.
amenities
noun- Meaning
- useful facilities such as parks, shops and clinics
- Uzbek
- qulayliklar, ijtimoiy obyektlar
- Russian
- инфраструктура удобств
Example: Residents judge a district by its amenities long before they look at the buildings.
Practice
Choose the word that fits the gap — its meaning appears after you answer. Nothing is saved.
1.Rush-hour means a ten-kilometre drive can take an hour.
2.Thousands of people to the capital by train every day.
3.The new zebra crossings have made the road safer for every .
4.Roads, bridges, water pipes and power lines are all part of a country's .
5.Young families cannot find in the capital, so they move to the suburbs.
6.As the city grows outward without a plan, swallows nearby farmland.
Turn the words into practice
Karvon's lessons bring new words back on a spaced-repetition schedule, and your essays and Speaking answers are graded on vocabulary separately.